Table 1 Regulation of inflammation by exosome cargo
From: Exosome-mediated regulation of inflammatory pathway during respiratory viral disease
Exosome derived from | Disease | Mechanism | Pathway | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monocytes | Tumor cell | Exosomes derived from monocytes secrete various inflammatory cytokines, including IL6, IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α | STAT3 and NFκB | Pro-inflammatory effects | [51] |
Macrophages | Breast and stomach tumor | Exosomes derived from macrophages in breast and stomach tumors stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, including GCSF, IL-6, IL-8, IL1β, CCL2, and TNF-α | NF-κB | Pro-inflammatory effects | [52] |
Dendritic cells | Tumor cell | Induction of IL6 and Secretion of TGFβ | STAT3 | Pro-inflammatory effects | |
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) | Tumor cell | Induction of the proinflammatory cytokine Cox 2 and an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, CCL2 | STAT3 | Pro-inflammatory effects | [54] |
Natural killer cells | Tumor | Inhibition of NK cell activation mediated by IL-2 | By inducing Smad phosphorylation, it can disrupt cytotoxicity and reduce NKG2D receptor expression | Anti-inflammatory effects | [55] |
Regulatory T cells (Treg) | Tumor | Expansion phosphorylation of relevant transcription factors IL-10 and TGF- β1 | immunosuppression | Anti-inflammatory effects | [56] |
Macrophages | _ | Decreased expression of IL-6 | Decreased expression of IL-6 It can also act as a negative regulator in the JAK/STAT pathway | Anti-inflammatory effects |