Virus | Phenotype | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | NKG2D downregulation | Weakened NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capability and IFN-γ production | [82] |
NKp30 downregulation but expression levels of NKG2D, NKG2A, NKp46, or CD16 remained unchanged | Inhibition of ADCC + Inhibition of IFN-γ, and TNF-α production | [83] | |
NKp46 and NKp30 downregulation + NKG2A upregulation | Reduction in NCR mediated target cell killing | [84] | |
NKp30 and NKp46 upregulation + increases in IL-10 production | Conserved cytotoxic activity in NK cells + influence the communication between NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the liver leading to distortion of adaptive immune responses and the inability to control the virus effectively | [85] | |
NKG2D and NKP30 downregulation | Reduction in NK cells’ ability to degranulate and lyse target cells and decline of IFN-γ production through direct cell-to-cell interaction between NK cells and HCV-infected hepatocytes | [86] | |
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | NKG2D/DAP10 and 2B4/SAP downregulation | Weakened NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capability and IFN-γ generation | [87] |
HBV antigens leading to reduction in NKp30, NKp44, and 2B4 while,the expression of inhibitory receptor NKG2A is considerably augmented | The function of NK cells was directly hindered by HBV antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg), as they prevented NK cell activation, cytokine generation, and the release of cytotoxic granules | [88] | |
CD16 and NKp30 downregulation + NKG2D upregulation + LAG3, CD274 (PD-L1), EGR2 and 3, NR4A2, and TOX upregulation + impaired mTOR | NK cell exhaustion | [78] | |
Upregulation in T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) | Suppress NK cell functions | [89] | |
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) | Declining in frequency of NKp30+ NK cells + CD107a upregulation (degranulation marker) | Elevated degranulation activity and production of perforin and granzyme B + Reductions in the level of NKp30 expression may impact the operational effectiveness of NK cells among individuals with HAM/TSP | [90] |
Declining in rate of CD56+ and CD56dim cells expressing CD16 + CD107a upregulation | Decrease in NK cell mediated ADCC + elevated degranulation activity | [91] | |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | CD56 downregulation | Increase in dysfunctional CD56neg NK cells with modified array of activating and inhibitory receptors | [92] |
Reduction in NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and NKG2A but no change in NKG2D | Impairment of NK cell function | ||
Human papillomavirus (HPV) | Reduction in NKp30, NKp46 and NKG2D | Low NK cell cytolytic activity | [12] |