Author | Country | Age category | Age (Years) Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) | Females% | Study design | Cases (No.) | Comorbid (%) | Control (No.) | Follow-up since diagnosis (Median) | Assessment method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A: Non-hospitalized COVID-19 versus negative control | ||||||||||
Larsson [36] | Sweden | Adults | 45 ± 12 | 86.4 | RC (Matched age) | 1584 | Non-significant except for mental disorder (higher in the negative arm) | 7185 | > 12 weeks | Self-reported questionnaire |
Radtke [29] | Switzerland | Children | 11 (9–13) | 54 | PC | 109 | – | 1226 | 6 months | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
Blankenburg [18] | Germany | Adolescents and young adults | 15 (14–17) | 55 | PC (Matched age and gender) | 188 | – | 1365 | 10 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Boscolo-Rizzo [19] | Italy | Adults | 49 (21–70) | 59 | PC (Matched age and gender) | 61 | Matched | 61 | 1 year | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
Fjelltveit [22] | Norway | Mixed | 44 (0–81) | 53 | PC (Matched age, gender and comorbidity) | 220 | Matched | 182 | 12 months | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
Pereira [28] | UK | Children | 11–17 | 62.3 | PC (Study invitation, by age, gender, region, and date of testing) | 6407 | – | 6542 | 6 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Mizrahi [26] | Israel | Mixed | 25 (12–43) | 50.6 | RC (Matched age, gender and comorbidity) | 170,280 | Matched | 170,280 | 6–12 months | Physician assessment |
Gorecka [23] | UK | Adults | 45 ± 13 | 53 | PC (Matched age and gender) | 19 | Both groups are healthy | 10 | > 12 weeks | Clinical examination (Imaging) |
Joy [24] | UK | Adults | 37 (18–63) | 58 | PC (Matched Age, gender, and ethnicity) | 74 | Non-significant except for asthma/COPD which is higher in the case than control | 75 | 6 months | Clinical examination (Imaging) |
Liptaka [25] | Slovakia | Adults | 40 (32–52) | 70 | PC (Unmatched) | 109 | – | 132 | 7 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Selvakumar [9] | Norwegian | Adolescents and Young adults | 12–25 | 60.2 | PC (Unmatched) | 382 | Any comorbidity is 37% for COVID-19-negative compared to 24% for COVID-19 positive | 85 | 6 months | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
Soraas [31] | Norway | Adults | 48.5 ± 13.5 | 56.8 | PC (Unmatched) | 676 | – | 6006 | 3–8 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Stephenson [32] | UK | Children | 11–17 | 63.5 | PC (Month of test, age, gender, and geographical region) | 3065 | – | 3739 | 3 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Funk (a) [35] | Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Italy, Paraguay, Singapore, Spain, and the United States | Children | 3 (0–10) | 45 | PC (Matched hospitalization status, country, and recruitment date) | 1295 | Matched | 1321 | 3 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Tarazona [33] | France | Adults | 45.8 ± 14.9 | 59.4 | PC (Matched age, gender and comorbidity) | 96 | Non-significant except for cardiological conditions (higher in case) | 81 | 12 months | Self-reported questionnaire |
Van der Maaden [34] | Netherlands | Adults | 49 (37–61) | 63.7 | PC (Matched age, gender, and comorbidity) | 6,614 | Matched | 1330 | 3 months | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
B: Hospitalized COVID-19 versus non COVID hospitalized control | ||||||||||
Funk (b) [35] | Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Italy, Paraguay, Singapore, Spain, and the United States) | Children | 4 (0–12) | 45 | PC (Matched hospitalization status, country, and recruitment date) | 391 | Matched | 380 | 3 months | Self-report questionnaire |
Elkan [21] | Israel | Adults | 58.5 (49.8–68.3) | 56.1 | RC (Matched age and gender) | 42 | Matched in all except for chronic lung disease (higher in non-COVID control) | 42 | 9 months | Self-report questionnaire |
Castro [20] | USA | Adults | 63 (50–76) | 47 | RC (Unmatched) | 6619 | – | 36,342 | 3–5 months | Physician assessment |
Nersesjan [27] | Denmark | Adults | 56.8 ± 14 | 42 | PC (Matched age, gender, and ICU status from the same hospital, including patients in the ICU) | 85 | Matched | 61 | 6 months | Both of Self-reported questionnaire and Physician assessment |
Rivera-Izquierdo [30] | Spain | Adults | 61.2 ± 14.3 | 42.6 | PC (Matched institution and date of admission) | 453 | Matched | 453 | 12 months | Self-report questionnaire |