Fig. 1
From: DNA damage response(DDR): a link between cellular senescence and human cytomegalovirus
The DNA damage response. Responses to DNA damage caused by double-strand breaks (DSBs) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The MRN complex detects DNA DSBs and signals them by activating ATM. The accumulation of ssDNA at stalled or stressed replication forks activates ATR. Following the activation of transducer kinases, DNA damage signaling is initiated, which includes DNA repair processes (lower panel) and cell cycle checkpoints (upper panel). Direct and indirect interactions are indicated by solid and dashed arrows, respectively. This figure was modified according to the published Fig. 1 in reference [203].