Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics between autoantibody-negative patients and ANA, IgM aβ2-GPI, IgG aCL, and IgM aCL/IgM aβ2-GPI patients
From: Prevalence, clinical significance, and persistence of autoantibodies in COVID-19
Control (n = 202) | ANA (n = 5) | IgM aβ2-GPI (n = 26) | IgG aCL (n = 6) | IgM aCL/IgM aβ2-GPI (n = 5) | P | P` | P`` | P``` | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 68.0 (57.0–75.0) | 71.0 (60.0–83.0) | 65.5 (56.0–80.0) | 71.5 (68.0–76.0) | 54.0 (50.0–64.0 | 0.452 | 0.869 | 0.231 | 0.101 |
Sex, male, No. | 129 (63.9) | 4 (80.0) | 17 (65.4) | 6 (100.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.786 | > 0.99 | 0.163 | 0.786 |
Comorbidities, No. | |||||||||
Hypertension | 105 (52.0) | 2 (40.0) | 9 (34.6) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.939 | 0.145 | 0.768 | 0.939 |
Diabetes mellitus | 74 (36.6) | 2 (40.0) | 9 (34.6) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | > 0.811 | 0.769 |
Coronary artery disease | 30 (14.9) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (7.7) | 0 | 0 | > 0.99 | 0.491 | 0.667 | 0.773 |
Heart failure | 11 (5.4) | 0 | 1 (3.8) | 0 | 0 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 |
Peripheral artery disease | 5 (2.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | > 0.99 | 0.920 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 |
COPD | 18 (8.9) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (7.7) | 0 | 0 | 0.949 | 0.669 | 0.977 | > 0.99 |
Chronic kidney disease | 31 (15.3) | 0 | 2 (7.7) | 1 (16.7) | 0 | 0.752 | 0.454 | > 0.99 | 0.752 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 21 (10.4) | 0 | 1 (3.8) | 0 | 0 | 0.991 | > 0.99 | 0.884 | 0.991 |
Solid cancer | 35 (17.3) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (16.7) | 0 | 0.474 | 0.137 | > 0.99 | 0.677 |
Chronic liver disease | 17 (8.4) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (3.8) | 0 | 0 | 0.917 | 0.669 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 4.0 (2.0–5.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.648 | 0.548 | 0.625 | 0.05 |
COVID-19 Severity at sample date | 0.432 | 0.734 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | |||||
Mild | 105 (52.0) | 4 (80.0) | 15 (57.7) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (60.0) | ||||
Severe | 97 (48.0) | 1 (20.0) | 11 (42.3) | 3 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | ||||
COVID-19 related treatment, No. | |||||||||
Steroid | 198 (98.0) | 5 (100.0) | 24 (92.3) | 6 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | > 0.99 | 0.288 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 |
High dose steroid a | 137 (67.8) | 4 (80.0) | 15 (57.7) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.927 | 0.418 | > 0.99 | 0.409 |
Steroid cumulative dose, mg | 115.0 (54.0-169.0) | 96.0 (87.5-136.9) | 99.4 (18.0-134.0) | 93.6 (46.0-142.5) | 94.0 (34.5-110.5) | 0.8 | 0.095 | 0.5 | 0.43 |
Steroid duration, d | 16.0 (9.0–21.0) | 8.0 (7.0–18.0) | 12.5 (6.0–17.0) | 15.5 (8.0–22.0) | 15.0 (10.0–20.0) | 0.203 | 0.027 | 0.855 | 0.812 |
Remdesivir | 170 (84.2) | 5 (100.0) | 21 (80.8) | 4 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | 0.732 | 0.874 | 0.561 | > 0.99 |
Iimmunomodulatory agents | 0.279 | 0.009 | 0.035 | > 0.99 | |||||
Baricitinib | 18 (8.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (20.0) | ||||
Tocillizumab | 120 (59.4) | 5 (100.0) | 10 (38.5) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (40.0) | ||||
SOFA score | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.0–3.0) | 1.5 (0–6.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.893 | 0.285 | 0.717 | 0.041 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 266.4 (176.4-383.6) | 264.9 (247.3-302.4) | 357.1 (205.5-404.8) | 374.0 (263.5–432) | 389.0 (361.5-395.7) | 0.642 | 0.171 | 0.256 | 0.037 |