Table 1 Comparing characteristics between autoantibody-positive and -negative patients
From: Prevalence, clinical significance, and persistence of autoantibodies in COVID-19
Autoantibody-positive (n = 46) | Autoantibody-negative (n = 202) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 67.0 (56.0–76.0) | 68.0 (57.0–75.0) | 0.964 |
Sex, male, No. | 33 (71.7) | 129 (63.9) | 0.400 |
Smoking status, No. | 0.058 | ||
Current | 6 (13.0) | 13 (6.4) | |
Previous | 13 (28.3) | 36 (17.8) | |
Never | 27 (58.7) | 153 (75.7) | |
Comorbidities, No. | |||
Hypertension | 20 (43.5) | 105 (52.0) | 0.380 |
Diabetes mellitus | 18 (39.1) | 74 (36.6) | 0.883 |
Coronary artery disease | 3 (6.5) | 30 (14.9) | 0.207 |
Heart failure | 1 (2.2) | 11 (5.4) | 0.581 |
Peripheral artery disease | 0 | 5 (2.5) | 0.619 |
COPD | 3 (6.5) | 18 (8.9) | 0.817 |
Chronic kidney disease | 3 (6.5) | 31 (15.3) | 0.183 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 1 (2.2) | 21 (10.4) | 0.138 |
Solid cancer | 6 (13.0) | 35 (17.3) | 0.627 |
Chronic liver disease | 2 (4.3) | 17 (8.4) | 0.529 |
Connective tissue disease | 0 | 0 | > 0.99 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 3.5 (2.0–5.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 0.801 |
COVID-19 Severity at sample date | 0.354 | ||
Mild | 28 (60.9) | 105 (52.0) | |
Severe | 18 (39.1) | 97 (48.0) | |
Laboratory data | |||
White blood cell, 103/µL | 8.3 (6.5–11.0) | 8.1 (6.0-11.4) | 0.505 |
Lymphocyte, 103/µL | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5) | 0.126 |
Monocyte, 103/µL | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.160 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.6 (9.4–13.1) | 10.6 (9.0-12.5) | 0.157 |
Platelet count, 103/µL | 233.0 (167.0-309.0) | 205.0 (131.0-287.0) | 0.157 |
International normalized ratio | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.313 |
aPTT, sec | 28.5 (25.9–33.8) | 28.4 (26.3–31.9) | 0.685 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 330.0 (220.0-404.0) | 280.0 (228.0-376.0) | 0.441 |
D-dimer, ng/mL | 624.0 (306.0-2166.0) | 353.0 (219.0-916.0) | 0.005 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 32.0 (20.0–46.0) | 30.0 (21.0–47.0) | 0.904 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 37.0 (25.0–68.0) | 33.0 (21.0–63.0) | 0.505 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.615 |
Serum albumin, mg/dL | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 0.961 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 19.8 (14.8–29.5) | 19.2 (14.8–28.0) | 0.874 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.693 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L | 304.5 (245.0-451.0) | 327.0 (257.0-398.0) | 0.770 |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 391.9 (160.2-704.7) | 431.8 (201.6-798.5) | 0.446 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 4.6 (1.6–13.9) | 4.2 (1.1–25.2) | 0.525 |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.1 (0.0-0.2) | 0.0 (0.0-0.2) | 0.295 |
Arterial lactate, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.323 |
Plasma interleukin 6, pg/mL | 24.0 (13.1–168.0) | 73.0 (20.2–248.0) | 0.131 |
Outcomes | |||
In-hospital mortality, No. | 10 (21.7) | 51 (25.2) | 0.757 |
Thromboembolism, No. | 4 (8.7) | 13 (6.4) | 0.823 |
Mechanical ventilation | 21 (45.7) | 82 (40.6) | 0.644 |
ECMO support, No. | 1 (2.2) | 6 (3.0) | > 0.99 |
CRRT, No. | 3 (6.5) | 12 (5.9) | > 0.99 |
Length of stay, d | 19.0 (13.0–27.0) | 18.0 (13.0–30.0) | 0.619 |