From: Epstein-Barr virus infection: the micro and macro worlds
EBV gene | Function /Phase /Location | Evasion mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
LMP1 | Latency II | Reducing TLR9 promoter activity; decreasing TLR9 mRNA and protein expression levels | [68] |
Reducing the phosphorylation of Tyk2 and STAT2; inhibiting IFN pathway activation | [78] | ||
BGLF5 | Lytic immune modulator | Depleting TLR9 mRNA and reducing its protein expression level | [69] |
Inducing host mRNA degradation; blocking the synthesis of MHC-I | [90] | ||
BPLF1 | Tegument | Removing ubiquitin tags from TRAF6; negatively regulating TLR signaling | [45] |
Mediating DUB-dependent deubiquitination of TBK1 and STING; inhibiting RIG-I-MAVS and cGAS-STING signaling | [72] | ||
BHRF1 | Lytic immune modulator | Inducing mitochondrial fission; causing MAVS protein degradation; blocking RLRs signaling | [70] |
miR-BART6-3p | EBV-encoded microRNA | Targeting the 3’UTR of RIG-I mRNA; inhibiting the expression of IFN-β | [71] |
BZLF1 (ZTA) | Lytic replication | Binding directly to IRF7; inhibiting IRF7 activation | [75] |
Upregulating SOCS3 expression; indirectly inhibiting IFN-α production | [76] | ||
Binding to CIITA; inhibiting MHC-II transcription | [93] | ||
BRLF1 (RTA) | Lytic replication | Reducing the mRNA levels of IRF 3 and IRF7 and the activation of the IFN-β promoter; inhibiting the expression of IFN-β | [77] |
LMP2 | Latency II | Reducing the phosphorylation of Tyk2, STAT1 and JAK; inhibiting ISG transcription and the IFN production | [79] |
LF2 | Lytic immune modulator | Binding to IRF7 to block its dimerization; inhibiting IFN-α production | [80] |
BGLF4 | Late gene expression | Reducing the activity of IFN-β promoter; inhibiting IRF3 signaling | [81] |
Interfering with the interaction between NF-κB and UXT; inhibiting the activity of NF-κB | [82] | ||
Phosphorylating SAMHD1; decreasing the activity of dNTPase | [83] | ||
miR-BART18-5p | EBV-encoded microRNA | Targeting MAP3K2; blocking viral replication | [86] |
miR-BART4-5p | EBV-encoded microRNA | Downregulating proapoptotic protein BID activity; inhibiting target cells apoptosis | [87] |
EBNA1 | Latency I | Inhibiting ULBP1 and ULBP5; escaping NK cell recognition | [88] |
BNLF2a | Lytic immune modulator | Inhibiting TAP function; preventing loading of antigenic peptides onto MHC-I | [91] |
BILF1 | Lytic immune modulator | Triggering endocytosis of MHC-I molecules and degradation | [92] |
BZLF2 | Entry glycoprotein | Binding to MHC-II complex; blocking the antigen recognition of CD4 + T cells | [94] |