From: In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruses, including common cold coronavirus 229E and SARS-CoV-2
Compound
Concentration (μg/ml)
Caffeic acid
0 ± 0
Caftaric acid
264.4 ± 13.0
Chlorogenic acid
40.2 ± 2.0
Cichoric acid
313.8 ± 0
Cynarin
Echinacoside
6.9 ± 0.4
PID 8/9a
41.4± 0.2